#request
import requests, json 
github_url = ” 
data = json.dumps({‘name’:’test’, ‘description’:’some test repo’}) 
r = requests.post(github_url, data, auth=(‘user’, ‘*‘)) 
print r.json 
#以上几种方式都可以调用API来执行动作，但requests这种方式代码最简洁，最清晰，建议采用。

#urllib2, urllib 
import urllib2, urllib 
github_url = ‘https://api.github.com/user/repos’ 
password_manager = urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() 
password_manager.add_password(None, github_url, ‘user’, ‘*‘) 
auth = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_manager) # create an authentication handler 
opener = urllib2.build_opener(auth) # create an opener with the authentication handler 
urllib2.install_opener(opener) # install the opener… 
request = urllib2.Request(github_url, urllib.urlencode({‘name’:’Test repo’, ‘description’: ‘Some test repository’})) # Manual encoding required 
handler = urllib2.urlopen(request) 
print handler.read()

#httplib2
import urllib, httplib2 
github_url = ’ 
h = httplib2.Http(“.cache”) 
h.add_credentials(“user”, “**“, ” 
data = urllib.urlencode({“name”:”test”}) 
resp, content = h.request(github_url, “POST”, data) 
print content

#pycurl
import pycurl, json 
github_url = ” 
user_pwd = “user:*” 
data = json.dumps({“name”: “test_repo”, “description”: “Some test repo”}) 
c = pycurl.Curl() 
c.setopt(pycurl.URL, github_url) 
c.setopt(pycurl.USERPWD, user_pwd) 
c.setopt(pycurl.POST, 1) 
c.setopt(pycurl.POSTFIELDS, data) 
c.perform() 

url(r''^publish/$'', views.PublishView.as_view()),
    url(r''^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$'', views.PublishDetailView.as_view()),

class PublishSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model=models.Publish
        fields=''__all__''

class PublishView(APIView):

    def get(self, request):
        publish_list = models.Publish.objects.all()
        bs = PublishSerializers(publish_list, many=True)
        # 序列化数据

        return Response(bs.data)

    def post(self, request):
        # 添加一条数据
        print(request.data)

        bs=PublishSerializers(data=request.data)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save()  # 生成记录
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:

            return Response(bs.errors)

class PublishDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,pk):
        publish_obj=models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=PublishSerializers(publish_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data)
    def put(self,request,pk):
        publish_obj = models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=PublishSerializers(data=request.data,instance=publish_obj)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save() # update
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:
            return Response(bs.errors)
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        models.Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()

        return Response("")

from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,ListModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class PublishView(ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

    def get(self, request):
        return self.list(request)

    def post(self, request):
        return self.create(request)

class PublishDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,GenericAPIView):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request,*args,**kwargs)
    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.update(request,*args,**kwargs)
    def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request,*args,**kwargs)

from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
class PublishView(ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

class PublishDetailView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

url(r''^publish/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''list'',''post'':''create''})),
    url(r''^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''retrieve'',''put'':''update'',''delete'':''destroy''})),

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

-ViewSetMixin
        # ViewSetMixin 写在前面,先找ViewSetMixin的as_view方法
        # 用了ViewSetMixin ,视图类中,不需要再写get,post,delete....这些函数了,函数名可以自定义
        # 而且这个视图类,可以响应多条路由
        
        -使用:
            -urls.py中
                url(r''^publishs/'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'': ''aaa'',''post'':''ddd''})),
                url(r''^bbb/'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'': ''bbb'',''post'':''ccc''})),
                
            -视图类中:
                class PublishView(ViewSetMixin,APIView):
                    def aaa(self,request):
                        return Response({''status'':100})
                    def bbb(self,request):
                        return Response({''bb'': "bbb"})

from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r''^books/$'', views.BookView.as_view()),
    url(r''^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$'', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
]

class BookView(APIView):

    def get(self, request):
        book_list = models.Book.objects.all()
        bs = BookSerializers(book_list, many=True)
        return Response(bs.data)

    def post(self, request):
        # 添加一条数据
        print(request.data)

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save()  # 生成记录
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:

            return Response(bs.errors)

class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data)
    def put(self,request,pk):
        book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save() # update
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:
            return Response(bs.errors)
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()

        return Response(""

from django.conf.urls import url
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r''^publish/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''list'',''post'':''create''})),
    url(r''^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''retrieve'',''put'':''update'',''delete'':''destroy''})),

]

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

from django.conf.urls import url,include
from app01 import views
from rest_framework import routers
router=routers.DefaultRouter()
# 两个参数，一个是匹配的路由，一个是视图中写的CBV的类
router.register(''publish'',views.PublishView)
urlpatterns = [
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/format=json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
    # url(r''^publish/'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''list'',''post'':''create''})),
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json(渲染器通过这个判断，返回渲染的页面)
    # url(r''^publish\.(?P<format>\w+)$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''list'',''post'':''create''})),
    
    # 可以用 以下方式访问
    # 1 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/
    # 2 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish.json
    # 3 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3
    # 4 http://127.0.0.1:8000/publish/3.json   
    url(r'''',include(router.urls))
]

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
class PublishView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset=models.Publish.objects.all()
    serializer_class=PublishSerializers

# 小结：
-传统的url配置
   url(r''^books/$'', views.BookView.as_view()),
   url(r''^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$'', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
  -半自动
    url(r''^publish/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''list'',''post'':''create''})),
   url(r''^publish/(?P<pk>\d+)/$'', views.PublishView.as_view({''get'':''retrieve'',''put'':''update'',''delete'':''destroy''})),
  -全自动(了解)
   -能自动生成多条路由

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    ''DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES'':[
        ''rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser''
        ''rest_framework.parsers.FormParser''
        ''rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser''
    ]

}

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/'', TestView.as_view()),
]

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class TestView(APIView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/'', TestView.as_view(), name=''test''),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/'', TestView.as_view(), name=''test''),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FormParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/'', TestView.as_view(), name=''test''),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)'', TestView.as_view(), name=''test''),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]

    def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
        print(filename)
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r''test/'', TestView.as_view(), name=''test''),
]

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response(''POST请求，响应内容'')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response(''PUT请求，响应内容'')

1 在调用request.data时，才进行解析，由此入手
    @property
    def data(self):
        if not _hasattr(self, ''_full_data''):
            self._load_data_and_files()
        return self._full_data
        
2 查看self._load_data_and_files()方法---->self._data, self._files = self._parse()

        def _parse(self):
            #用户请求头里content_type的值
            media_type = self.content_type

            #self.parsers 就是用户配置的parser_classes = [FileUploadParser,FormParser ]
            #self里就有content_type，传入此函数
            parser = self.negotiator.select_parser(self, self.parsers)

3 查看self.negotiator.select_parser(self, self.parsers)
     def select_parser(self, request, parsers):
        #同过media_type和request.content_type比较，来返回解析器，然后调用解析器的解析方法
        #每个解析器都有media_type = ''multipart/form-data''属性
        for parser in parsers:
            if media_type_matches(parser.media_type, request.content_type):
                return parser
        return None
    
4 最终调用parser的解析方法来解析parsed = parser.parse(stream, media_type, self.parser_context)

1 Request实例化，parsers=self.get_parsers()
    Request(
                request,
                parsers=self.get_parsers(),
                authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
                negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
                parser_context=parser_context
            )
2 get_parsers方法，循环实例化出self.parser_classes中类对象
    def get_parsers(self):
        return [parser() for parser in self.parser_classes]            

3 self.parser_classes 先从类本身找，找不到去父类找即APIVIew 中的
    parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
4 api_settings是一个对象，对象里找DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES属性，找不到，会到getattr方法
        def __getattr__(self, attr):
            if attr not in self.defaults:
                raise AttributeError("Invalid API setting: ''%s''" % attr)

            try:
                #调用self.user_settings方法，返回一个字典，字典再取attr属性
                val = self.user_settings[attr]
            except KeyError:
                # Fall back to defaults
                val = self.defaults[attr]

            # Coerce import strings into classes
            if attr in self.import_strings:
                val = perform_import(val, attr)

            # Cache the result
            self._cached_attrs.add(attr)
            setattr(self, attr, val)
            return val
 5 user_settings方法 ，通过反射去setting配置文件里找REST_FRAMEWORK属性，找不到，返回空字典
    @property
    def user_settings(self):
        if not hasattr(self, ''_user_settings''):
            self._user_settings = getattr(settings, ''REST_FRAMEWORK'', {})
        return self._user_settings

from rest_framework.renderers import  HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer ]
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data)
    def put(self,request,pk):
        book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,instance=book_obj)
        if bs.is_valid():
            bs.save() # update
            return Response(bs.data)
        else:
            return Response(bs.errors)
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()

        return Response("")

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    ''DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES'':[''rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'']
}

from rest_framework.renderers import  TemplateHTMLRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,many=False)
        return Response(bs.data,template_name=''aa.html'')

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{{ title }}
{{ publishDate }}
</body>
</html>

AJAX（Asynchronous Javascript And XML）翻译成中文就是“异步的Javascript和XML”。即使用Javascript语言与服务器进行异步交互，传输的数据为XML（当然，传输的数据不只是XML）。

AJAX 不是新的编程语言，而是一种使用现有标准的新方法。

AJAX 最大的优点是在不重新加载整个页面的情况下，可以与服务器交换数据并更新部分网页内容。（这一特点给用户的感受是在不知不觉中完成请求和响应过程）

AJAX 不需要任何浏览器插件，但需要用户允许JavaScript在浏览器上执行。

• 同步交互：客户端发出一个请求后，需要等待服务器响应结束后，才能发出第二个请求；
• 异步交互：客户端发出一个请求后，无需等待服务器响应结束，就可以发出第二个请求。

详情请见: 前端之jQuery 中的Ajax交互方式

二. JSON字符串介绍:

定义:

• JSON 指的是 JavaScript 对象表示法（JavaScript Object Notation）
• JSON 是轻量级的文本数据交换格式
• JSON 独立于语言 *
• JSON 具有自我描述性，更易理解

javascript中  对象 转化成json字符串的方法: 

JSON.stringify(): 用于将 JavaScript 值转换为 JSON 字符串。　

JSON.stringify({"name":"alex"})

javascript中  json字符串 转化成 js对象的方法: 

JSON.parse(): 用于将一个 JSON 字符串转换为 JavaScript 对象　

JSON.parse(''{"name":"alex"}'');

三. Django处理Ajax的post请求:

正常的Django处理form表单中的post请求:

　　因为django中中间件的保护机制, 需要对请求中的cookie和表单中的  "csrfmiddlewaretoken"  进行匹配,所以需要在页面中加上 {% csrf_token %} 标签来进行验证;

　　而Ajax中的请求不是通过form表单进行发送的, 所以, 就需要想办法 获取到  "csrfmiddlewaretoken"  所对应的值, 一起发过去.

如何获取 "csrfmiddlewaretoken"  所对应的值

1. 通过jQuery的属性选择器获取:

　　在这里还需要在html中 加入{% csrf_token %} 标签

$.ajax({
  url: "/cookie_ajax/",
  type: "POST",
  data: {
    "username": "Q1mi",
    "password": 123456, "csrfmiddlewaretoken": $("[name = ''csrfmiddlewaretoken'']").val() // 使用jQuery取出csrfmiddlewaretoken的值，拼接到data中  }, success: function (data) { console.log(data); } })

2. 通过获取cookie中的 ''csrftoken'' 在请求头中添加 "X-CSRFToken" 对应的键值对:

$.ajax({
  url: "/cookie_ajax/",
  type: "POST",
  headers: {"X-CSRFToken": $.cookie(''csrftoken'')},  // 从Cookie取csrftoken，并设置到请求头中 data: {"username": "Q1mi", "password": 123456}, success: function (data) { console.log(data); } })

3.  自己从新写一个获取cookie的js方法:

function getCookie(name) {
    var cookieValue = null; if (document.cookie && document.cookie !== '''') { var cookies = document.cookie.split('';''); for (var i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) { var cookie = jQuery.trim(cookies[i]); // Does this cookie string begin with the name we want? if (cookie.substring(0, name.length + 1) === (name + ''='')) { cookieValue = decodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(name.length + 1)); break; } } } return cookieValue; } var csrftoken = getCookie(''csrftoken''); // 上面是 自定义的 获取的 csrftoken ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 下面是更改一下 ajax的初始化配置, 让每次的 ajax请求都提前添加 cookie的请求头 function csrfSafeMethod(method) { // these HTTP methods do not require CSRF protection return (/^(GET|HEAD|OPTIONS|TRACE)$/.test(method)); } $.ajaxSetup({ beforeSend: function (xhr, settings) { if (!csrfSafeMethod(settings.type) && !this.crossDomain) { xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRFToken", csrftoken); } } });

注意: 

　　以上 方法都必须保证在页面加载的时候 cookie存在csrftoken的值.

　　如果 html模板中没有包含 {% csrf_token %} 标签的话, django将不会设置 cookie;

　　此时可以用  django.views.decorators.csrf  包中的 ensure_csrf_cookie 函数来进行装饰被访问的 视图函数  示例:

from django.views.decorators.csrf import ensure_csrf_cookie


@ensure_csrf_cookie
def login(request):
    pass

　　官方有关csrf的解释文档

示例: 利用ajax上传文件:

// 上传文件示例
$("#b3").click(function () {
  var formData = new FormData(); formData.append("csrfmiddlewaretoken", $("[name=''csrfmiddlewaretoken'']").val()); formData.append("f1", $("#f1")[0].files[0]); $.ajax({ url: "/upload/", type: "POST", processData: false, // 告诉jQuery不要去处理发送的数据 contentType: false, // 告诉jQuery不要去设置Content-Type请求头  data: formData, success:function (data) { console.log(data) } }) })